three binomial(n,k) definitions
Michael Somos
somos at grail.cba.csuohio.edu
Fri Dec 13 20:19:21 CET 2002
seqfan,
I was afraid it would come to this. I just came
to realize that the three natural variations of the
binomial table are actually in use without any real
acknowledgment. Here is the three binomial tables :
binomial(n,k) according to Maple
n\k -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
+--------------------------------------
-4 | 1 0 0 0 1 -4 10 -20
-3 | -3 1 0 0 1 -3 6 -10
-2 | 3 -2 1 0 1 -2 3 -4
-1 | -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
0 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
2 | 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
3 | 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 1
binomial(n,k) according to PARI and Mathematica
n\k -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
+--------------------------------------
-4 | 0 0 0 0 1 -4 10 -20
-3 | 0 0 0 0 1 -3 6 -10
-2 | 0 0 0 0 1 -2 3 -4
-1 | 0 0 0 0 1 -1 1 -1
0 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
2 | 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
3 | 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 1
binomial(n,k) = if(k<0|k>n,0,n!/(k!*(n-k)!))
n\k -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
+--------------------------------------
-4 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
2 | 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
3 | 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 1
Notice that for n and k nonnegative, they all agree as
expected. They first two agree when n<0 and k>=0. Now I
think it is obvious that these are all natural and valid
sequence tables. Also obvious that they do not agree for
all integer n and k. Now which should deserve the name
of "binomial coefficients"? More to the point, when the
binomial(n,k) is used in a formula which involves n<0 or
k<0, how are we to guess which of the three interpretations
is to apply? This also relates to my earlier attempt to
raise the issue of two-way infinite and one-way infinite
sequences. Shalom, Michael
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