Formula for A112319? - Diagonals in Self-Compositions of (x+x^2)
Paul D. Hanna
pauldhanna at juno.com
Thu Nov 23 07:19:41 CET 2006
Seqfans,
Would someone like to try to find a formula for A112319:
"Coefficients of x^n in the (n-1)-th self-composition of (x + x^2) for
n>=1."
1, 1, 2, 9, 64, 630, 7916, 121023, 2179556, 45179508, 1059312264,
The related triangles A122888 and A122890 seem to indicate that
A112319 may have a formula involving the Catalan numbers:
http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A122890
Below I copy A112319 and triangle A122888 for your convenience.
Other diagonals in self-compositions of (x+x^2) are A112317, A112320.
Be it a recurrence, series reversion, etc., any formula for these
diagonals
could lead to other discoveries involving self-compositions of functions.
Paul
----------------------------------------------------------------
A122888
Triangle, read by rows, where row n lists the coefficients of x^k,
k=1..2^n, in the n-th self-composition of (x + x^2) for n>=0.
EXAMPLE
Triangle begins:
1;
1, 1;
1, 2, 2, 1;
1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 8, 4, 1;
1, 4, 12, 30, 64, 118, 188, 258, 302, 298, 244, 162, 84, 32, 8, 1;
Multiplying the g.f. of column k by (1-x)^k, k>=1, with leading zeros,
yields the g.f. of row k in the triangle A122890:
1;
0, 1;
0, 0, 2;
0, 0, 1, 5;
0, 0, 0, 10, 14;
0, 0, 0, 8, 70, 42;
0, 0, 0, 4, 160, 424, 132;
0, 0, 0, 1, 250, 1978, 2382, 429;
0, 0, 0, 0, 302, 6276, 19508, 12804, 1430; ...
in which the main diagonal is the Catalan numbers
and the row sums form the factorials.
----------------------------------------------------------------
A112319
Coefficients of x^n in the (n-1)-th self-composition of (x + x^2) for
n>=1.
1, 1, 2, 9, 64, 630, 7916, 121023, 2179556, 45179508, 1059312264,
27715541568, 800423573676, 25289923553700, 867723362137464,
32128443862364255, 1276818947065793736, 54208515369076658640,
2448636361058495090816
FORMULA
a(n) = [x^n] F_{n-1}(x) where F_n(x) = F_{n-1}(x+x^2)
with F_1(x) = x+x^2 and F_0(x)=x for n>=1.
EXAMPLE
Initial terms in self-compositions of (x+x^2) are:
F(x) = x + (1)*x^2
F(F(x)) = x + 2*x^2 + (2)*x^3 + x^4
F(F(F(x))) = x + 3*x^2 + 6*x^3+ (9)*x^4 +...
F(F(F(F(x)))) = x + 4*x^2 + 12*x^3 + 30*x^4 + (64)*x^5 +...
F(F(F(F(F(x))))) = x + 5*x^2 + 20*x^3 + 70*x^4 + 220*x^5 + (630)*x^6 +...
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END.
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